一个英文单词通过词形转换,可以变成很多个不同词性的单词,因此要顺利完成词形转换题目,掌握构词法是很有必要的。基本的构词法包括派生法、合成法与转换法。
l .派生法:在一个词的词根(root)前面或后面加上词缀,产生新词,这种构词法称为派生法( derivation )。加在前面的词缀叫做前缀,加在后面的词缀叫做后缀。
1 )后缀:许多名词、形容词、副词和动词都是由词根加后缀构成的。后缀一般只改变词性,不改变词义。
( 1 )构成名词的常用后缀有:
A .用于构成表示人或物的具体名称:-er ,-or ,-ess ,-ist ,-ee ,-ian ,-ese ,-ant 等。
-er : driver , thinker, employer, pain-killer
-or : actor, sailor , visitor ,translator
-ess : actress , princess , lioness , hostess
-ist : scientist , dentist , chemist , Buddhist
-ee : employee , trainee , absentee ,trustee
-ian : musician , Russian , physician , technician
-ese : Japanese , Chinese , Portuguese
-ant : assistant , inhabitant
B .用于构成表示行为、性质、状态等的抽象名词:-ance ,-ence ,-tion ,-sion ,-ment , -ness ,-ity ,-ty, -th ,-ure ,-age ,-al 等。
-ance : acceptance , assistance , attendance , reliance
-ence : difference , confidence , dependence , reference
-tion : repetition , preparation , introduction , dictation
-sion : decision , revision , discussion , expansion
-ment : development , movement , government , judgment
-ness : illness , happiness , greatness , goodness
-ity : possibility , popularity, similarity , integrity
-ty : safety, cruelty , loyalty , penalty
-th : growth , truth , health , length
-ure : failure , pleasure , pressure , seizure
-age : postage , shortage , marriage , leakage
-al :arrival , survival , refusal , approval
( 2 )构成形容词的常用后缀有:-able ,-ible ,-al ,-ful,-less ,-ish ,-ive ,-ous, –an ,-ic ,-ly ,-y ,-ant ,-ent ,-ary ,-en ,-some 等。
-able : comfortable , acceptable , available , applicable
-ible : responsible , possible , permissible , resistible
-al : accidental , environmental , continual , critical
-ful:useful,grateful,helpful,faithful
-less : fearless , homeless , helpless , faithless
-ish : childish , selfish , Spanish , Swedish
-ive : active , collective , decisive , constructive
-ous : famous , humorous , continuous , ambitious
-an : Canadian , European , American , Indian
-ic :historic , scientific , energetic , poetic
-ly : lovely ,friendly , lively ,weekly
-y : dirty , windy ,thirsty , handy
-ant : hesitant , ignorant , significant , observant
-ent : different , dependent , consistent , obedient
-ary :secondary ,imaginary , revolutionary
-en : golden , wooden , woolen , earthen
-some :troublesome , handsome , burdensome , tiresome
( 3 )构成副词的常用后缀有:-ly ,-ward ( s ) ,-wise 等。
-ly : calmly , clearly , simply , extremely
-ward ( s ):forward , backward , northward , homeward
-wise : otherwise , likewise , clockwise , counterclockwise
( 4 )构成动词的常用后缀有:-ise / ize ,-ify ,-en 等。
-ise / ize : realize , modernize, normalize , mechanize
-ify: beautify , simplify , purify , clarify
-en : widen , sharpen , strengthen , lengthen
2 )前缀:前缀一般不造成词类的转变,而只是引起词义上的变化。
( 1 )前缀中有相当一部分可构成反义词,如:un-,dis-,in-,im-,ir- , il- ,non- ,de-等。
un-:unimportant , unhappy , undo ,unlike
dis-:dishonest , disappear , disagree , dislike
in-:informal , inconvenient , indirect , inaccurate
im-(p, m 前):impossible , impolite , immoral , immortal
ir- ( r 前): irregular ,irresponsible , irresistible
il-( l 前):illegal , illogic , illiberal , illiterate
non- : nonsense , non-exist , non-stop , non-driver
de-:decode , demerit , defrost . decentralize
( 2 )另有一些词缀表示其他意思
re-(重新:rewrite , remarry , reform , renew
mis-(错误地):misspell ,misunderstand ,misinform ,mismatch
co-(共同): cooperate , co-exist , co-worker , coordinate
anti-(反,防):anti-Japanese war , anti-fascist , antibody ,anti-clockwise
ex-(前):ex-husband , ex - girlfriend , ex – president , ex - colony
pre-(预先):pre-school , prehistory , pre-act , precaution
post-(之后的): post -war , post - election , post-graduate
self - (自我的): self - service , self - control , self – study ,self - correcting supe-(超级,上层): superman , superwoman , supermarket , superstructure
sub–(下面的) :subway , submarine , subconscious , subordinate
inter-(之间的,互相): interact , international , interpersonal , inter-continental trans-(跨越,移):transport , translate ,transplant , transform
vice-(副): vice-chairman , vice-governor , vice-president , vice-principal
semi-(一半):semi-circle , semi-colony ,semi-conductor ,semi-final
uni-(单):unicycle ,uniform ,unilateral ,unilingual
bi -(双): bicycle , bimonthly , bilateral , bilingual
tri-(三): tricycle , triangle , trilateral ,trilingual
multi-(多): multinational , multimedia , multi-lateral , multilingual
2 .合成法:由两个或以上的词结合在一起组成一个新词,这种构词法称为合成法(compounding)。合成词有的要用连字符连接,有的则直接组合在一起。
1 )合成形容词
形容词+名词+ed : warm-hearted , noble-minded
形容词+现在分词:good-looking , easy -going
副词+现在分词:hard-working , far-reaching
名词+现在分词:peace-loving , heart - breaking
名词+过去分词:heartfelt , state-owned
副词+过去分词:well-known , widespread
形容词+名词:high-class , large-scale
名词+形容词:seasick , duty-free
2 )合成名词
名词+名词:rainstorm , blood-test
形容词+名词:madman , darkroom
动名词+名词:waiting-room , sleeping-pill
动词+名词:push-button , pickpocket
名词+动名词:handwriting , sun-bathing
动词+副词:get-together , breakthrough
副词+动词:outbreak , downfall
3 )合成动词
名词+动词:hand-pick , sleepwalk
副词+动词:uphold , undergo
形容词+动词:white-wash , blacklist
3. 转换法:在词形不变的情况下,一个单词由一种词类转化为另一词类,称为转化法( conversion )。转化后的词义与转化前的词义通常有密切的联系,但有时差异也很大。try n .尝试 v .尝试
answer n .回答 v .回答
chair n .椅子 v .主持
map n .地图 v .绘制
nurse n .护士 v .护理
bridge n .桥 v .架桥
book n .书本 v .预定
shoulder n .肩膀 v .承担
slow adj .慢的 v .减慢
second num .第二 v .赞成
forward adv .向前 v .转交
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